Do You Agree to Redevelop a City

Do you agree to redevelop Lee Tong Street ? I do not agree to redevelop Lee Tong Street because of the following reasons . From the economic point of view , redevelop Lee Tong Street cause serious economic losses to the shop owners and the residents . First , after the redevelopment , the property prices will be increased . It will threaten the survival of the existing small shop owners . They concern about whether they will receive enough compensation to cover their losses . Some may not be able to afford the high rent and will be forced to close down .Second , the residents worry if they will receive enough compensation to purchase a flat of a similar size and whether their living conditions will be improved . Also , the tenants concern about whether they could be relocated in the same area and afford the increased rent in the future . Those stakeholders need to face a serious economic losses in the redevelopment of Lee Tung Street . From the social point of view , redevelopment of Lee Tung Street will bring a radical change for the local residents . First , after the redevelopment , Lee Tung Street will have many high-rise buildings .Because of the densely-packed high-rise buildings , the density will be increased . And the air pollution also will become more serious . Second , Lee Tung Street was originally a public space where residents could hang around and interact with each other freely . Communities could then be established . However , after these streets are redeveloped into shopping malls which belong to developers and are privately owned , people will no longer be entitled to the right to interact freely in these private areas .This hinders the formation of communities . The redevelopment bring many inconvenient to the society and the residents . P. 1 From the cultural point of view , redevelop Lee Tung Street will destroy the local cultural , Chinese traditional crafts and the traditional architectural . First , residents along Lee Tung Street mad e use of the buildings to establish a local printing industry . They used the front part of the building as their shops , while the back was used as the printing workshops .A cluster of wedding card printing shops soon sprang up and turned Lee Tung Street into a well-known print merchandising hub which is part of the collective memory of Hong Kong people . The local cultural will gradually vanish along with the redevelopment . Different traditional shops and food stalls will be replaced with monotonous chain stores and shops , undermining cultural diversity . Next , although the old buildings on Lee Tung Street are not of special historical value , very few of those buildings in the architectural style of the 50s and 60s are left .Destroy a cultural is easy , but establish a cultural is not a easy job . Redevelopment Lee Tung Street will destroy Hong Kong local cultural . Some people might assert that after the redevelopment of Lee Tung Street , it can has a better use of land for o thers sustainable development . And the better facilities can solve the poor hygiene and the pollution problems . However , after the redevelopment , the buildings will changed from mainly six-storey Chinese-styled tenement buildings to high-rise buildings . The residents will more and more .Then , the density of Lee Tung Street will much increased . Also , the redevelopment project include building new shopping malls . That means Lee Tung Street will become a tourist spot like Causeway Bay . As we all know , Causeway Bay ‘s air pollution problem is the most serious in Hong Kong . Are we going to forgo our environmental problem? Redevelop Lee Tung Street not only affect the local residents , but also all the Hong Kong people . The losses for redevelopment project are more than the benefits . Therefore , it is a wrong decision to redevelop Lee Tung Street . ( End )

Stress Assessment Using Non Invasive Health And Social Care Essay

Stress is a physiological and psychological response to endangering state of affairss. Rapid socio-economical disagreement due to technological advancement and desire to accomplish luxury has led to emphasize. Although emphasis has a psychological beginning, it affects several physiological signals in the human organic structure like EEG, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Galvanic Skin Response, Reaction Time, etc. Hence there is a critical demand for stress appraisal. This paper reviews about experimental methods of emphasis appraisal utilizing EEG ( Electroencephalography ) and discusses approximately different methodological analysiss for patterning emphasis. Introduction The quickly increasing population with extremist betterment in engineering has increased cost of populating taking to feverish life style due to turning deadlines and demands in order to accomplish luxury life. This state of affairs has led to increasing emphasis degrees in people with turning demands for development of efficient stress appraisal systems. The term, emphasis, introduced by Selye, defined emphasis as â€Å" the non-specific response of the organic structure to any demand for alteration † . In general, emphasis is a â€Å" complex reaction form that frequently has psychological, cognitive and behavioural constituents † [ 1 ] . The emphasis can be measured and evaluated in footings of physiological psychological and physical responses. Questionnaires are normally used to deduce emphasis subjectively. Physiological alterations in the human organic structure can besides be used to measure emphasis. The biomarkers like Skin Temperature, Skin conductance, Blood force per unit area, Heart rate variableness, Respiration, EEG, EMG are used to mensurate emphasis. Previous researches have shown that these are efficient methods and produced acceptable truth rates. In this paper we merely see stress appraisal methods utilizing EEG. Harmonizing to present scenario, the Stress in America study consequences show that grownups continue to describe high degrees of emphasis, 75 % of grownups reported sing centrist to high degrees of emphasis in the past month and about half reported that their emphasis has increased in the past twelvemonth [ emphasis facts ] , The latest research by workspace supplier Regus shows that Indian workers are acquiring more stressed. The study reveals that work ( 51 % ) and personal fundss ( 50 % ) are the conducive factors for the increased emphasis degrees of the Indian work-force. [ hypertext transfer protocol: //articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-10/india/33735958_1_stress-levels-counterparts-in-larger-firms-indian-workers ] . The research findings reveal that pupils are sing function overload, function stagnancy and self-role distance. Male pupils see higher degrees of function stagnancy than female pupils. [ hypertext transfer protocol: //link.springer.com/article/10.1007 % 2Fs11218-006-9010-y? LI=true ] . Stress can besides hold impact on immune system and it creates terrible impact on cardiovascular systems, The chronic emphasis can do persons more vulnerable to infections and incurable diseases. [ nihms4008 ] . Organizations like American Institute of emphasis [ www.stress.org ] , Indian Psychiatric Society ( IPS ) , National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ( Nimhans ) and International stress direction association [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.isma.org.in/about-isma.aspx ] are at that place to assist persons to cover with emphasis and related diseases at the same time making consciousness about emphasis. Stress due to tenseness, anxiousness and exhilaration had high power of Beta set [ ] . An addition of Alpha set power will reflect to loosen up and witting conditions. Meanwhile, lessening of Alpha set power and addition of Beta set power will bespeak that the individuals are making intense activity such as replying scrutiny inquiries, making mental arithmetic and so on [ ] . Research workers have come out with the ratio of EEG Power Spectrum in term of Alpha and Beta band power on right hemisphere of human encephalon with left hemisphere of human encephalon to find the encephalon reconciliation ( symmetrical ) where the asymmetrical in encephalon activity may bespeak to some chronic wellness disease such as depression, mental weariness, and so on. The ratio is called FBA ( Frontal Brain Asymmetry ) Measuring emphasis They are many features associated with emphasis they are chiefly classified as hormonal instabilities, physical and physiological alterations these are the symptoms of emphasis. When is individual feels stressed increased sum of emphasis endocrines ( hydrocortisone and catecholamine ) are released. These endocrine degrees are measured utilizing invasive methods and performed by scientists and practicians. These measurings require drawn-out experimental processs. Besides under emphasis, alterations in bosom rate ( HR ) [ ] , blood force per unit area ( BP ) [ ] , student diameter ( PD ) [ ] , take a breathing pattern [ ] , voltaic tegument response ( GSR ) [ ] , emotion, voice modulation, organic structure pose [ ] , reaction clip [ ] , Brain moving ridges ( EEG ) [ ] are observed, these alterations can be acquired non-invasively. This paper deals with non-invasive methods of measuring emphasis utilizing Electroencephalography ( EEG ) . Stress appraisal has many important applications in personal, authorities, industry military operations like bettering athlete public presentation, planing course of study and games for instruction, better work productiveness, to mensurate emphasis in combatant pilots, auto drivers, computing machine users, ground forces, sawboness etc [ ] . Measuring emphasis utilizing EEG There is a strong relationship between encephalon activity and emphasis. Datas can be acquired from the encephalon through different methods like functional magnetic resonance imagination, antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) Magneto encephalography ( MEG ) and electroencephalography ( EEG ) . functional magnetic resonance imaging has high spacial declaration but really low temporal declaration, whereas EEG and MEG have higher temporal declaration. EEG is widely used in stress research because of higher temporal declaration, low intrusive equipment and low cost. Fig. 1: Spatial and temporal declaration of assorted experimental techniques [ 8 ] EEG is an of import method for analyzing the transient kineticss of the human encephalon ‘s large-scale neural circuits. In EEG, electrodes are placed at the caput tegument to do a good contact with scalp and register the electrical potencies due to neural activity. EEG provides good experimental informations of variableness in mental position because of its high temporal declaration. EEG wave form ( amplitude and frequence ) depends on the witting degree of the individual. Table 1 summarizes that spectral analysis of EEG can be split into several frequence sets. Frequency bands Frequency scope ( Hz ) Amplitude scope ( A µV ) Activity Delta 0.5-4 20-200 Watchfulness or anxiousness Theta 4-8 10 Relaxation Alpha 8-13 20-200 Dream slumber or stage between consciousness and sleepiness Beta 13-30 5-10 Coma or deep slumber Potentials at the scalp scope from 20 to 100 A µV, which can be recorded by braces of electrodes attached to the scalp ( on both sides of the encephalon hemisphere ) . The wave forms are characterized by frequence, amplitude, form and sites of the scalp. Besides, age and province of watchfulness is besides relevant to analyse the wave forms [ ] . Activities in the right hemisphere of the encephalon dominate the activities in the left hemisphere of the encephalon during negative emotions [ ] , which suggests an country for stress sensing. Electroencephalogram signals are categorized by frequence and each class represents some province for a individual. Beta and alpha moving ridges represent witting provinces whereas theta and delta moving ridges signify unconscious provinces [ ] . Rapid beta moving ridge frequences ( from lessening in alpha moving ridge frequences ) are the chief features bespeaking emphasis [ ] . Alpha waves appear on both sides of the encephalon, but somewhat higher in amplitude on the non-dominant side, by and large observed in people who are right-handed [ ] . Band base on balls filtering can be used to take noise and obtain certain parts and characteristics of an EEG signal before analysis. EEG signals can be filtered utilizing a set base on balls filter with appropriate values for low and high base on balls filters, e.g. 30 Hz and 4 Hz severally. Appraisal Techniques Raw EEG signals are acquired and analyzed to pull out required information. The first measure in this procedure is preprocessing, the characteristics are extracted from processed signal and classified into stressed or non stressed Preprocessing Preprocessing is really of import for any EEG signal analysis since signals are really sensitive to artefacts ; these artefacts are non from encephalon they are either from proficient grounds or due to behavioural and physical activities. Others include power lines noise ( 50/60Hz ) , broken EEG electrodes or leads, electric resistance fluctuation, electromagnetic noise and eye blink and motion of eyes and so on. Power line noises can be eliminated by using a 50/60 Hz notch filter. Independent constituent analysis ( ICA ) is used for unsighted beginning separation to divide constituents that have statistical difference. ICA recovers N linearly mixed beginning signals s= { s1 ( T ) , aˆÂ ¦ , sN ( T ) } , after multiplying by A, an unknown matrix, x ( I ) = { x1 ( T ) , aˆÂ ¦ , xN ( T ) } =As ( I ) [ ] . Rejection method is used discard contaminated signal, this method has drawback of taking the whole contaminated signal alternatively of taking merely noise [ ] . Subtraction method is used to take noise from contaminated EEG signal, this method assumes natural EEG signal as a additive combination of original EEG signal and noise and it is used to take oculus motion artifacts [ ] , Amplitude threshold can besides be used by specifying negative and positive thresholds, informations out of this scope is considered as artifact [ ] . Similarly Min-Max threshold can besides be used which defines a lower limit or upper limit allowed amplitude difference for a peculiar clip length. Gradient Criterion is another method where artefact threshold is defined based on point-to-point alterations in electromotive force relation to intersample clip [ ] . And eventually Joint chance method used that finds the chance of happening of a given value of point in clip in a specific channel and section relation to planetary chance of happening of such value [ ] . Feature Extraction Techniques Feature extraction is the procedure of pull outing utile information from the signal. Features are features of a signal that are able to separate between different emotions. We use a common set of characteristic values for encephalon signals. Nonlinear steps have received the most attending in comparing with the steps mentioned before, for illustration clip sphere, frequence sphere and other additive characteristics. The nonlinear set of characteristics used include fractal dimension and correlativity dimension signals. Features are extracted for each electrode of EEG signals. There are many feature extraction techniques used in literature some of the techniques are Power spectral denseness [ ] , Short clip Fourier transforms [ ] , Fast Fourier transforms [ ] , Wavelet Transforms [ ] and so on. Short clip Fourier transform ( STFT ) is a often used characteristic extraction technique in which separation of stationary signals is performed into little fragments [ ] . Comparing with STFT, Fourier transform ( FT ) , in which a finite length signal is expressed as the amount of infinite continuance frequence constituents, does non supply the accurate location of an event in the frequence sphere along the clip graduated table. Furthermore, FT is non suited for non-stationary signals analysis. The drawback of STFT is its finite length window. Narrow length window can increase the clip declaration but reduces the frequence declaration [ ] . Equation ( 1 ) is the mathematical representation of STFT, where ten ( T ) is analyzed signal and tungsten ( . ) represents the clip window map. STFTx ( tungsten ) ( T, degree Fahrenheit ) =aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 1 ) Fast Fourier transform is used in many of experiments [ ] . In the power spectral analysis from EEG informations, the signals are converted from clip sphere to frequence sphere. Spectral analysis divides the original signal into its frequence constituents, which can be expeditiously conducted by utilizing the fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) [ ] . Through the spectral analysis, we can individually analyze the four sets of EEG moving ridges with their specific frequences. Fourier transform is one of the techniques to make spectral analysis which is shown in Equation Ten ( K ) =aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ( 2 ) Where ten ( n ) is the EEG informations, N is the entire figure of samples. Wavelet transform ( WT ) solves the declaration job of STFT. It replaces the sinusoidal constituent of FT by interlingual rendition and dilation of a window map called ripple [ ] . Ripples are ideally suited for the analysis of sudden short continuance signal alterations [ ] . Equation ( 3 ) provides mathematical representation of uninterrupted ripple transform ( CWT ) , which is the portion of WT. CWT ( a, B ) =aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 3 ) Here a and B are scaling factors, star in the superior represents the complex conjugate of map which is called the ripple. It can be obtained by scaling the ripple at B clip and a scale shown in equation ( 4 ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ( 4 ) Ratio of power spectral densenesss of the alpha and beta sets has been calculated and analyzed for emphasis [ ] . Results suggested that the ratios for alpha ( rI ± ) and beta ( rI? ) powers defined as given in Eqs. ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) severally were negatively correlated with selfreports. rI ±=aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 5 ) rI?=aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 6 ) where rI ± and rI? in the equations represent alpha sets on the right and left hemispheres of the encephalon. Beta sets, I? are likewise represented. Categorization Techniques After extraction of the coveted characteristics, In order to happen emphasis we use classifiers. A classifier is a system that divides some informations into different categories, and is able to larn the relationship between the characteristics and the province of emphasis. They are many types of classifiers used in the literature for stress appraisal. The categorization is performed utilizing many classifiers like additive discriminant analysis ( LDA ) [ ] , support vector machines ( SVM ) [ ] , nervous webs ( NN ) [ ] , Bayes regulation [ ] , and so on.

Analysis Of The Article Native American Headdresses...

Adriel Morel 7/18/15 It starts with a trip to Urban Outfitters According to the article â€Å"Native American Headdresses Facts for Kids†, 18th and 19th century Plain Indians (Native Americans who resided on the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies) introduced the world to the Feathered war bonnet as a way to place honor and respect among the men who demonstrated bravery and valor. The article explains that during the time, Plain Native American tribes sought to see the eagle as the greatest and best bird amongst all birds; symbolizing strength and fearlessness, which is why the feathered war bonnets were made from eagle feathers. The articles states†¦show more content†¦Acts that would guarantee you a feather(s) were, bravery during war, political prosperity or gain, acts of valor, and other things that might’ve helped the tribe prosper or survive. Some warriors would only be awarded 3 to 4 feathers in their lifetime; hence the difficulty of obtaining a complete full headdress. Keeping in mind the fact that pro curing a single feather means actually demonstrating honorable acts, it’s pretty evident as to why the headdress was an important custom of the Plain Native Americans. Likewise, the article â€Å"Native American Technology and Art: Dream Catchers† makes the statement that the dreamcatcher was a Native American custom that developed from the Ojibwe people and was later adopted by other surrounding and neighboring tribes. The legend holds that a spider women by the name of Asibikaashi took care of the people and the land of the Ojibwe people. Eventually the people from the tribe spread out all over North America and it became difficult for the spider women to reach and protect all her children. Eventually, grandmothers and mothers would weave a magical web for the children which would then form the dreamcatchers. The dreamcatcher was usually hung somewhere over the children and would filter out the bad dreams and only let positive thoughts and dreams in. When the sun ros e, all negative energy would disappear as the sun light

The Fundamentals of Enumeration Essay Topics Revealed

The Fundamentals of Enumeration Essay Topics Revealed Understanding Enumeration Essay Topics You merely need a couple of problems as remember you don't have a lot of time and you want to spell out the difficulties. Another significant problem is the development of internet fraud and hacking. Instead, permit yourself to continue to forgive. Relevance of these years. The period protein quality denotes the proportion of essential amino acids (eaa) in a protein as compared with the ratio needed by the body. Essay exams are a beneficial tool for finding out if you're ready to sort through a big body of information, figure out what's critical, and explain the reason it's essential. Also consider that the quantity of interest in your topic is equivalent to the quantity of work you're going to be prepared to put into researching that topic. A fast search around the internet will yield different types, yet to keep this simple, it is a good concept to consider just these four. To b egin with, it enables you to organize your topic in a logical way. For instance, pornography sites may be accessible to them since they can register with a website and claim to be an adult. If you're discussing crime it might be the police. You won't be in a position to think of that man or woman or that specific circumstance the exact same again. The Most Popular Enumeration Essay Topics A lot of people have creative thoughts and find new approaches to trick the opposing players. Today women are extremely actively working in various fields of the nation. Indian society comprises many unique religions. All types of topics are available here. The details and listing make it simple for them to convey the actual message they would like to impart. The 2 items must fit together correctly dependent on the assessment directions. You've come to the proper place! Incomplete answers can be finished during the review time. What Everybody Dislikes About Enumeration Essay Topics a nd Why You might also check out the way to outline an essay. Other forms of essays are totally discussed in the next section. You can take an informal essay. however, it still ought to have a strong structure. Since you may see, there isn't anything particularly difficult in writing definition essays. You will be certain to compose a powerful three paragraph essay when you stick to the above mentioned measures. Hence, it's advisable to make an outline at first before you get started making your essay. Research essay examples are some of the the essays you could clearly distinguish the amount of hierarchy of the topic. Use dashes sparingly in an official essay. By utilizing enumeration, writers lay emphasis on particular suggestions to elaborate them further. Joel begins his speech utilizing pathos to present an overall description of the representatives of this tier of society. Think about the conclusion more like a closing argument dependent on the points provided within the body. In that situation, use semicolons to separate the bigger ideas. The Downside Risk of Enumeration Essay Topics Confidence for a writer is imperative. When an article writer, you have to write like one. We only employ the very best academic writers. However, an academic writer needs to be mor e direct in explaining what aspect of their experiences which he or she is going to speak about. The last portion of the task includes a question that the essay MUST answer. Short-answer questions or statements are much like essay questions, except they may be answered with only a few words or sentences. While definitions will generally be just a sentence long, it's also feasible to compose a protracted definition which covers a paragraph or even a whole essay. By reading a set of the beneficial method of enumeration examples of two descriptions of reply. Dave Rice is learning on the job that appears to be a negative, but if you employ any very first year head coach, it's extremely difficult for this not to be true. Basketball is called a superior pastime in many people's eyes but may also be viewed as a passion for many others. It is a great way to get your mind off things and is also a great way to express yourself. At the very start, you will need to be quite acquainte d with your topic. It may also describe a procedure and move the reader step by step by means of a method. An astonishing quantity of info can be gathered utilizing this tool. In such an essay you will need to talk about the troubles with respect to a specific topic and suggest possible solutions to these difficulties. Type of Enumeration Essay Topics You're predicted to translate, exemplify, solve, or comment upon the topic and usually to present your judgment or reaction to the issue. The intention is to make plain the conditions which give rise to whatever you're examining. The point is, life would appear to be far easier if everyone could demonstrate somewhat more love. The solution in part lies in a reversal of motive. Enumeration Essay Topics Options Web content article writing has turned into an extremely intriguing industry today. Companies must also enhance their onsite IT security systems to earn fraud and hacking much more challenging by undertaking thorough re views of their existing systems for weaknesses. To be able to qualify as true, all sections of the statement has to be true.

Article Review - “How Motivation Affects Learning and...

Article Review - â€Å"How Motivation Affects Learning and Behaviour† by J.E. Ormrod This article reveals six effects of motivation towards Learning and Behaviour. To begin with, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are introduced as two major motivations that drive a person in their actions. When I bumped onto this article, I thought all points in this article are prior knowledge of everybody in education field. Until I found other articles that made my eyes opened and starting to disagree. The contradiction theory of motivation is proposed by A.J M. Marr in his article, The Phony Controversy . He said that the fact that intrinsic and extrinsic motivational processes represent nothing more than metaphorical piece that has nothing to do with†¦show more content†¦Whether you agree there are 16 desires or not, he said there is not any way to reduce all of these desires to just two types. Grabmeier’s example of proving uncertainty of intrinsic motivation existence; For example, many studies have purportedly shown how people who enjoy doing a specific activity – such as children who enjoy drawing – do that activity less after they are offered rewards. But when the results show the subjects continue the activity even after the rewards are offered, the researchers have argued that this just shows the subjects expect to get a reward and no longer are intrinsically motivated. But sometimes, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can be coincidentally in one situation. For instance, Farris is a Guitar Hero game addict and one day he found out the game is promoted on a fun fair. He played on his best and scored the highest mark because he is naturally likes that game. The second reason is a girl beaten him on that game previously. There Are No Effects without Causes Nevertheless, it is impossible to claim that motivation doesn’t exist while its effects are being explained in detail in the stated article. Effects of motivation as suggested by Ormrod ; 1. Motivation directs behaviour toward particular goals 2.

Factors Consider When Choosing Sample Size â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Factors To Consider When Choosing A Sample Size? Answer: Introducation One of the advantages of a large sample size is that it helps in reducing the margin of error hence improving the accuracy of the results from the sample. According to Cleary et al (2014), this will always make the population parameter to lie within the confidence interval of the point estimator. Being that the sample size chosen for the survey was 15,000, it was most likely to obtain more accurate information from the bank workers pertaining stress as compared to when smaller sample size would have been used by the two research institutions i.e. Katholike Universteit Leuven and the private company in Belgium. Additionally, large sample sizes are important in that they are representative of the wider range of elements contained in the population. Due to this therefore, all or most of the outliers will be captured in the sample unlike when the sample is size is small Belli et al (2014). One major disadvantage of large sample is its costly nature. Reaching and covering a wider proportion of the population involves high expense incurred in the process Goodman et al (2013). The Union of Belgian Banks would therefore incur much through the assigned research institutes in the data collection from the targeted 15,000 bank workers. Being that the participants were not found from the same bank institution, the process would also be time consuming to get to various parts of the country for other bank workers. Cost that will be involved in obtaining the sample is one among other factors that should be considered when coming up with which sample size to use in a survey. The risk involved in the values collected from the sample will also act as the determinant of the sample size i.e. if only the risk value matters in the collected values then as a result therefore, low risk values will call for large sample sizes. Prior information about the topic of study will also help in either reducing or increasing the sample size since prior estimates of means and variances will be used to help dealing with variation that could be found within groups (Button et al, 2013). Sampling Methods Sampling method is the process by which representative groups are selected from the population that is being studied. In the selection of the 15,000 bank workers for the sample by the research institutions, they used stratified sampling method. One of the advantages of the currently used sampling method by the institutions is that the sampling method minimizes sampling errors Ye et al (2013). This is achieved though dividing the population into subgroups called strata. The strata are spread to ensure that each characteristic of the population is represented by the strata and having the elements in each stratum selected by simple random sampling hence reducing sample selection bias. Also, stratified sampling method ensures that the targeted population is highly represented in the sample. Difficulty to identify ways of subdividing the population into subpopulations makes it at times unusable by the researchers, where this forms one of the major disadvantages. Additionally, stratified s ampling method is time consuming where a lot of time is spent in the identification of the strata and then later select the sample from each strata through simple random sampling method (Acharya et al, 2013). In relation to the situation at hand, the research institutions i.e. the private specialized company in stress at work and Katholike Universteit Leuven, they first had to identify all the bank institutions in Belgium then divide the workers according to their bank institutions to form strata where further, the workers were now to be selected from the bank institutions through simple random sampling method to provide equal chances of obtaining the workers that will form the useable subset of the population. In order to improve the effectiveness of this sampling method (stratified sampling method), I therefore suggest that the number of strata to be increased. This will increase from where sampling of the individuals in the population will be selected hence representing almost th e entire population thus reducing the marginal error in sampling. Research Design Cross-sectional design is a tool used by the researchers to obtain specific point time information from the collected data. It has some of the advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages as noted by (Shen and Bjrk, 2015) is that the cross-sectional research design through cross-sectional study can help in ascertaining the worthiness of assumptions in the study. Also, as compared to other research designs, cross-sectional design is less time consuming. Since information is for specific point time of the already collected information, it therefore take cross-sectional research design less time to identify information of interest. Furthermore, the research design inexpensive. Unlike cross-sectional research design, longitudinal design has the potential to display the pattern of variable or variables for a certain period of time as it major advantage. Disadvantages of cross-sectional design is that it cannot be relied on to predict the relationship between and the findings this is due to it lacking the time element since it only measures point time information. Prevalence as a result of extended period of time cases, these are seen from the cases that exist for a long period of time and they may be perceived less serious. On the other hand therefore, longitudinal research design is more expensive since it covers a long period of time. Longitudinal design is as well time consuming due to its ability to predict pattern over period of time. Also, when the expected outcomes are less, longitudinal design becomes less efficient (Shen and Bjrk, 2015). Procedure of Data Collection In the collection of data from the bank workers, the research institutions used questionnaires that were structured with questions where the respondents were only required to give their responses on the provided spaces. Just like any other method of data collection methods, collection of data through questionnaires face some of the problems that need to be addressed. According to Chernick et al (2011), respondents dishonesty is one of the major problems that questionnaires have. Respondents can decide not to be truthful when they are responding to the questions with the fear that their identities can be disclosed to the public. This can tamper with the accuracy and reliability of the results if such happens in the process of data collection. To eradicate this problem, the researcher is supposed to assure the participants who take part in the process that their privacy is highly valued and that they be kept private without access of any unauthorized persons. When this is effected, such problems would not reoccur or they will reduce in future. Being that the questionnaires were prepared by the research institutions and distributed to various banks in the country, there was no physical touch or face to face communication between the researchers and he respondents, the respondents will respond to the questions according to their own understanding of the questions and interpretations. For the same results intended by the subject of study, the questions if not clarified may not result to the common understanding. This can be as a result of unclear questions to the respondents. This problem therefore can be dealt with by the researcher through creating or composing questions that are easy and simple to understand and answer. Difficulty of the questions to analyze is another problem that questionnaires have. When constructing the questions in the questionnaire, if the questionnaire happen to contain so many open ended questions, this will call for the opinion of the respondents hence cannot be coded during the analysis process. This occur more often whenever there are open ended questions and peoples opinions vary from one individual to another thus resulting to too much data that cannot be handled with ease and analyzed. This problem therefore can be dealt with and corrected by coming up with good question types that are close ended and that will allow for multiple choices that can be coded for easy analysis. Face to face communication has been so effective in that one can be able see the emotions of a person through facial expressions, but with questionnaires it is difficult to capture such emotional responses that are expressed by the respondents especially when the questionnaire is administered thus data that could be observed from the respondents on their body language would be lost or go unnoticed. This particular type of problem can be combated by constructing questionnaires that have Likert scale that would be used to rate the attitude, feelings or emotions of the respondents. At some times, the provided questions in the questionnaires are not always responded to. The respondents may decide to skip some of the questions due to their own reasons and submit the questionnaire forms with the skipped questions unanswered. For the case of online survey, they normally come with clear solution to such kind of problem. They simply make all the fields for the questions required without which the respondent cannot proceed to the next step or the form cannot be submitted. But for the case of our research question questionnaires, we can combat this problem by constructing uncomplicated questions and above all make the survey short, this will help increase the completion rates. Accessibility to the questionnaires is another major problem that is faced when data is collected using questionnaires. Questionnaires do not always take care of people with some forms of disabilities such as visual or hearing impairment. Such people are not suitable to use the questionnaires and this can be corrected by using questionnaires whose accessibility options are built in. Secondary Data Secondary data are second hand information that are obtained from the database archives. Depending on the subject of study, secondary data that will be used must be relevant to the subject of study. Also, before the secondary data is used to check for the representativeness of the sample, competency and accuracy of the data to the subject of the study must be first checked and confirmed, this is according to Piwowar and Vision (2013). Using secondary gives the researcher a clear picture of what he/ she expects and therefore saves time. Most of the secondary data are always obtained from the databases where they are stored making their retrieval easy and cheaper as compared to collecting primary data. Secondary data that were funded and collected by the government are in most cases involving large samples which result to the increased statistical precision since larger proportion of the population is represented. Understanding secondary data can be done through reading the manuals that are stored alongside the data where thereafter they should be prepared for use in checking for representativeness. All variables and the treatment of missing data should be appropriately addressed to hold the meaning of data. Suitable sampling design mostly probabilistic sampling designs are supposed to be applied where since the sample is large, stratified sampling method is seen appropriate since it always represent more items from the population. Statistical analysis to be used is supposed to be ensured that it reflects the sampling design that was used where the point estimates such as means, variance and standard deviations should be in a manner that they cater for unequal sampling probabilities. The obtained secondary point estimators are then compared to the primary point estimators of the subject of study. If they are onto each other or too close to one another, then there will be confidence that the ob tained point estimators are the reflection of the population parameter and thus the data is representative. References Acharya, A.S., Prakash, A., Saxena, P. and Nigam, A., 2013. Sampling: Why and how of it.Indian Journal of Medical Specialties,4(2), pp.330-333. Belli, S., Newman, A.B. and Ellis, R.S., 2014. Velocity dispersions and dynamical masses for a large sample of quiescent galaxies at z 1: Improved measures of the growth in mass and size.The Astrophysical Journal,783(2), p.117. Button, K.S., Ioannidis, J.P., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B.A., Flint, J., Robinson, E.S. and Munaf, M.R., 2013. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,14(5), pp.365-376. Chernick, M.R., Gonzlez-Manteiga, W., Crujeiras, R.M. and Barrios, E.B., 2011. Bootstrap methods. InInternational Encyclopedia of Statistical Science(pp. 169-174). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Cleary, M., Horsfall, J. and Hayter, M., 2014. Data collection and sampling in qualitative research: does size matter?.Journal of advanced nursing,70(3), pp.473-475. Goodman, J.K., Cryder, C.E. and Cheema, A., 2013. Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,26(3), pp.213-224. Khberger, A., Fritz, A. and Scherndl, T., 2014. Publication bias in psychology: a diagnosis based on the correlation between effect size and sample size.PloS one,9(9), p.e105825. Piwowar, H.A. and Vision, T.J., 2013. Data reuse and the open data citation advantage.PeerJ,1, p.e175. Shen, C. and Bjrk, B.C., 2015. Predatoryopen access: a longitudinal study of article volumes and market characteristics.BMC medicine,13(1), p.230. Ye, Y., Wu, Q., Huang, J.Z., Ng, M.K. and Li, X., 2013. Stratified sampling for feature subspace selection in random forests for high dimensional data. Pattern Recognition,46(3), pp.769-787.

Week 1 Marketing an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Week 1 Marketing The definition of marketing is rather vague; moreover, different professionals tend to define marketing, using different terms. Marketing should be a necessary element of the organizations sales function: it is the critical element that forms close business ties between customers and sellers, helps firms grow their customers and deliver critical customer value. Planning is integral to marketing; similarly, marketing is impossible without planning. Throughout the history of marketing, since the marketing department era, all marketing activities have been brought under control of one department or one marketing specialist. Planning in marketing was and is required to integrate all marketing activities with the firms obligations and strategic goals. The benefits of marketing are not limited to planning opportunities; organizations use marketing mix to deliver the benefits of their products to consumers and to monitor the effectiveness of various marketing procedures. With the need to ex pand our presence in the market, and with the need to promote continuous growth, marketing will link consumer needs to the strategic business goals, creating a cohesive business environment, expanding the benefits and increasing profitability of businesses and consumers. Need essay sample on "Week 1 Marketing" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed 1. The definition of marketing is rather vague; moreover, different professionals tend to define marketing, using different terms. Kotler and Keller (2006) state that marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs. One of the shortest definitions of marketing is meeting needs profitably (Kotler & Keller, 2006). In other words, marketing turns economic and social needs of customers into material profits. Companies that are able to utilize the benefits of the marketing look at customers through the prism of their social needs, producing services and products that can further satisfy these needs. In this context, Kotler and Keller (2006) distinguish between the social and managerial definition of marketing: a social definition implies the role of marketing as the instrument for satisfying the needs of society, while a managerial definition implies the role of marketing as the instrument for increasing the quality of life. Incorporating marketing into the organizations sales has several benefits. First, marketing drives consumer interest toward the product or service. Second, marketing positively impacts the quality of life and the standards of economic growth (Perreault-McCarthy, 2004). Third, marketing involves a flow of need-satisfying offering from producer to a customer (Perreault-McCarthy, 2006); that means that marketing turns into favorable environment, where customer and producer are able to come to an agreement regarding the price, the quality and the type of the required product. The problem is that marketing is not visible to the public; as a result, not all customers feel that they are legally protected from the unfair marketing approaches. Despite these small inconsistencies, marketing should be a necessary element of the organizations sales function: it is the critical element that forms close business ties between customers and sellers, helps firms grow their customers and deliver criti cal customer value. 2. Planning is integral to marketing; similarly, marketing is impossible without planning. Throughout the history of marketing, since the marketing department era, all marketing activities have been brought under control of one department or one marketing specialist. Planning in marketing was and is required to integrate all marketing activities with the firms obligations and strategic goals. Now, in the marketing company era, it is a time when, in addition to short-run marketing planning, marketing people develop long-range plans sometimes five or more years ahead and the whole company effort is guided by the marketing concept (Perreault-McCarthy, 2004). As a result, planning has turned into a relevant and reliable approach to marketing. Planning helps companies concentrate their efforts and turn customers into potential sources of the companys profit. Marketing orientation substantially improves, when companies are able to integrate effective planning procedures with the companys daily activities. To make customers buy what the firm produces and offers means to develop reliable planning marketing tactics, which will help evaluate customer needs and tie those needs to the companys goals. Marketing is a logical process, and planning forms a complex strategic vision of marketing opportunities, target markets, marketing strategies, marketing programs, and marketing efforts. Planning is essential for creating and maintaining stable marketing environment that will help satisfy the critical needs of customers (Kotler & Keller, 2004). The companys department should produce formal marketing plans for several reasons. First, planning is the key to systematizing the knowledge and information about customers, needs, and companys marketing resources. Second, planning is the key to concentrating and utilizing the benefits of the various types of marketing forces, including demographic, technical, political, and social environment. Third, planning is the key to developing holistic marketing concepts, including relationship marketing, integrated marketing, socially responsible marketing, and internal marketing (Kotler everything matters, when customer needs should be satisfied. 3. The benefits of marketing are not limited to planning opportunities; organizations use marketing mix to deliver the benefits of their products to consumers and to monitor the effectiveness of various marketing procedures. For example, the promotion element is the key to developing effective advertising strategies and identifying the needs of consumers. The use of marketing mix is very important in consumer electronics: for example, to advertise its PlayStation 2 and 3, Sony used non-personal media approaches (sports, series, and personal Sony TV). In this way, Sony was targeting consumers, who would be interested in purchasing its new game products (Dru, 2007). Marketing mix has led Sony to the development and implementation of highly efficient distribution channels: customers were and are encouraged to purchase Sony products from the companys direct and recognized retailers (Dru, 2007). Marketing mix forms the basis for turning quantifiable elements for evaluating the quality of the companys performance and its business progress (e.g., the number of new customers may help interpret the effectiveness of place and price elements within the companys marketing mix). As long as marketing mix involves the four essential components (product, place, price, and promotion), marketing itself will remain one of the most powerful elements impacting our daily lives. With the need to expand our presence in the market, and with the need to promote continuous growth, marketing will link consumer needs to the strategic business goals, creating a cohesive business environment, expanding the benefits and increasing profitability of businesses and consumers. References Dru, J.M. (2007). How disruption brought order: the story of a winning strategy in the world of advertising. Palgrave Macmillan. Kotler, P. & Keller, K.L. (2006). Marketing management. 12th edition. Prentice Hall. Perreault-McCarthy. (2004). Basic marketing: a global-managerial approach. 15th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies.